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Aims:The study was carried out to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of Chrysanthemumindicumon albino rats. Study Design:In-vivoacute toxicity, haematological and Biochemical effect ofChrysanthemum indicum.Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Chemical Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, between October to December 2017.Methodology:For acute toxicity, four groups of 3 male rats each were dosed orally with Chrysanthemum indicum aqueous extractat 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000mg/kg body weight, the animals were observed for mortality, clinical sign and gross pathological changes for a period of 14days. For sub-acute toxicity and other parameters, four groups of five albino rats wereequally dosed orally with 0 (control), 75, 150 and 300mg/kg (experimental group) body weight of an aqueous extract of Chrysanthemumindicumfor six (6) weeks. After, complete administration, the biochemical and haemological indices were investigated and determined appropriately.Results:The aqueous extract of Chrysanthemumindicumwas found to be safe at 4000mg/kg body weight in acute toxicity study. Results further showed that there are changes compared to control and group administered the extract in sub-acute toxicity study. In RBC, from 5.40 to 5.10, and MCV, from 78.00 to 82.30 which were significantly different (p<0.05) but non-significant decrease (p<0.05) was noticed in AST, albumin, and urea. However, the level Protein, (13.00 to 10.00) ALT, (7.00 to 5.00) ALP (15.00 to 10.25) bilirubin (13.00 to 10.00) and creatinine (88.00 to 84.00) significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the experimental groups when compared to the control group.Conclusion:Although the acute toxicity of Chrysanthemumindicum suggests its safety at 4000mg/kg body weight, however, the findings of sub-acute toxicity suggest that the therapeutic and herbal tea use of Chrysanthemumindicum plant is not safe especially when taken orally in high dose for a prolonged period of time
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Aim: To determine the level of Salmonella agglutinin and its titre among apparently healthy students of Tertiary Institution in North-eastern Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional study on Seroprevalence of Salmonella agglutinin; Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Biological Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, between September to December, 2016. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional study in which 200 apparently healthy students of Federal Polytechnic Mubi were tested for Salmonella agglutinin using both slide and tube agglutination methods. Statistical Analysis: Non-parametric Mann-Whitney statistics and least significance difference (LSD) were used to test for significant difference in all the data obtained. Significance difference was taken when P?0.05. Results: The result showed that the number of male with positive Widal agglutinin was significantly higher than that of female (P=0.028). The number of positive titre was significantly higher in age group 21-25 years (P=0.002) when compared to other age brackets. However, there was no statistical difference between the age bracket 16-20 years and 31-35 years (P=0.747). The result of the agglutination titre showed that more male had Salmonella titre for Salmonella Typhi O (81.8%) and Salmonella Typhi H (72.7%) while more female had Salmonella agglutinin titre for Salmonella Typhi H (44.4%) and Salmonella Paratyphi B-H (33.3%). It was also observed that only agglutinin for Salmonella Paratyphi A-O, B-O, C-O, B-H and C-H were present in the sera of male subjects up to the titre of 160 and at frequencies ranging from 1.6-58.8%. Furthermore, among females, it was observed that only agglutinins for Salmonella Paratyphi A-O, Salmonella Typhi C-H and Salmonella Typhi O and H were present in the sera of the subjects up to the titre of 160 and at frequencies ranging from 2.5-25.0%. Conclusion: Detecting Salmonella agglutinin titre up to 160 among apparently healthy individuals is of public health significance. Thus, there is need to monitor this trend and create awareness on environmental and behavioural risk factors for Salmonella infections.
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Aims: This study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its relationship to gender and age among apparently healthy students of a tertiary institution in Northeastern Nigeria. Study Design: Sero-prevalence of HBsAg in relation to gender and age. Place and Duration of Study: Federal Polytechnic Mubi, North-eastern Nigeria, between August 2013 and September, 2014. Methodology: In this study, 200 apparently healthy students of a tertiary institution in North eastern Nigeria were screened randomly to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To achieve this, 200 blood samples were screened in a step wise order using One Step Strip Style HBsAg test. The blood was allowed to retract and then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. The test device was dipped into the serum sample for 3 sec and read after 10 min. Results: The result showed an overall HBsAg seroprevalence of 31.5%. The seroprevalence of HBsAg among males (43%) was higher than that of females (27%) but with no statistical significant difference (p=0.462). The age-specific distribution of HBsAg among subjects in this study showed higher HBsAg prevalence rate among the age group 35 & above (50%), closely followed by the age group 30-34 (48%) with no statistical significant difference between all the age groups (p=0.353). Conclusion: The result of this study confirmed the high endemicity of HBsAg among apparently healthy individuals in North-eastern Nigeria which is alarming. It is therefore recommended that as a matter of urgency Nigerian government should extend HBV vaccination programme to the adult folks and not just limited to the national childhood immunization programme.
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Aims: This study was conducted to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens among patients attending Mubi general hospital as well as to determine the effect of gender on the etiology of bacterial uropathogens. Study Design: Distributions of urinary isolates and their antibiogram Place and Duration of Study: Mubi General Hospital, Adamawa State, between April, 2013 and January, 2014 Methodology: Urine samples of 101 patients comprised of 46 males and 55 females were analyzed for bacterial growth, antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index. Results: Females showed higher prevalence of UTI than males. Gram negative bacteria (61.7%) were found in high prevalence than Gram positive (29.3%). Staphylococcus aureus (58.3%) has the highest prevalence rate among Gram positive organisms, while Citrobacter freundii (25.3%) was the most prevalent Gram negative isolates. Citrobacter freundii (17.9%) was the most prevalent uropathogens closely followed by S. aureus (17.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on all isolated bacteria by the disc diffusion method employing multiple antibiotic discs differently for both Gram positive and Gram negative isolates. The results showed that S. aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were more susceptible to Chloramphenicol (83%), followed by Streptomycin and Amoxicillin (78%). While their resistance profile showed that S. aureus and CoNS are more resistant to Ampiclox, Gentamycin and Rifampicin (31%). Susceptibility to all the antibiotics by Gram positive organisms was significantly higher than their resistance to the same antibiotics (p< 0.05). Gram negative organisms are more susceptible to Streptomycin (62%), followed by Ciprofloxacin (47%) and Ofloxacin (44%), while their resistance profile showed that they are more resistance to Nalixidic acid (79%) followed by Augmentin (76%), Ampicillin (75%) and Reflacine (74%). Resistance to all the antibiotics by Gram negative organisms is significantly higher than their susceptibility to the same antibiotics (p<0.05). Using spearman correlation, the results further showed significant correlation in resistance between P. vulgaris, Escherichia coli and P. agglomerans (p<0.01). Also, there was significant correlation in resistance between E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter diversus and P. vulgaris (p<0.05). The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of each antibiotic was calculated. The MAR index for Gram positive antibiotics was significantly lower than that of Gram negative antibiotics (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we found multidrug resistance strains which are resistant to most of the antimicrobials agent tested more especially the Gram negative uropathogens. This reflected the fact that Nalixidic acid, Augmentin, Ampicillin, Reflacine, Ceporex and Septrin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the hospital even before the results of urine analyses and also the most easily available in the market without prescription and because they were also very cheap in terms of cost. Consequently, the widespread use or misuse of antimicrobial drugs has led to a general rise in the emergence of resistant bacteria.
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Aims: To determine the phytochemicals and antibacterial potentials of parts of Balanite aegyptiaca on clinically important antibiotic resistant bacteria isolates Study Design: Phytochemicals and in vitro assay of antibacterial Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, between April, 2013 and January, 2014 Methodology: Collection of bacterial isolates; antibiogram of the bacterial isolates; preparation of plant extracts; phytochemical analyses of the plant parts on aqueous extracts; In vitro susceptibility test (agar well diffusion assay) Results: The antibiogram showed that all the isolates used in this study are multidrug resistant. The results of the phytochemical analyses on aqueous extracts showed that the leaves of B. aegyptiaca possessed all the phytochemical components tested except anthroquinones and alkaloids, while root bark lack anthroquinones, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins and stem bark possessed only flavonoids and polyphenols. The presence of phytochemical components in the stem bark is significantly less than those in the leaf and root bark (p<0.05). The presence of these phytochemicals has provided some biochemical basis for ethno pharmacological uses of this plant parts in the treatment and prevention of various diseases and disorders. Using agar well diffusion method, the B. aegyptiaca parts were screened for antibacterial activities against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and Citrobacter sp. at 100mg/ml concentration. The results of the antibacterial activity showed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the parts of B. aegyptiaca has varying antibacterial activity against the tested isolates. The hot aqueous and cold aqueous extracts of leaves of B. aegyptiaca have no activity against Citrobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The hot aqueous extract of stem bark has significant antibacterial activity against all the tested isolates except Salmonella spp, while the cold water extract of the same part has no activity against Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Citrobacter spp. The ethanolic, hot and cold aqueous extracts of root bark of B. aegyptiaca have no activity against Salmonella spp. Although the presence of phytochemical components in the stem bark is significantly less than those in the leaf and root bark (p<0.05), their antibacterial activities however, showed no significant difference (P=0.10) to all the isolates. The results further showed that the antibacterial activity of cold aqueous extracts of Balanite aegyptiaca parts is significantly lower than those of ethanolic extracts and hot aqueous extracts (p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference between the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and hot aqueous extract of all the parts on the isolates (P=0.06). Conclusion: This study investigates and reports the phytochemicals antibacterial potentials of Balanites aegyptiaca on resistant bacteria isolates. This therefore justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine practices for the diseases caused by the microorganisms.